Final Blog: Limon, Past and Future

There have been some remarkable changes in the continents in the last 100 million years and more changes are coming. These changes are caused by movement through plate tectonics. But these changes are not only limited to geographical changes. A change in continental place also changes weather patterns and ocean currents and overall climates everywhere. Limon, Costa Rica has been greatly effected from this movement. In fact, if these movements hadn't happened, Limon or Costa Rica, or even most of Central America wouldn't even exist.

Before we look at Limon's past and future, let's reacquaint ourselves with modern day.

Found here: http://www.cpgeosystems.com/presentmoll.jpg

Today Limon sits just above the equator at 9 degrees north latitude and about 90 degrees west longitude. Limon experiences a rather warm and wet climate. It is largely unaffected by severe weather but can have problems with flooding in July when the ITCZ passes over.

Climograph for Limon, CR. Found here: Found here: http://www.world-climates.com/city-climate-limon-costa-rica-north-america/ 

This modern climograph shows Limon has very little change in temperature and a steady amount of rainfall year round with rainy seasons from November through January and a spike in July as mentioned.

But what about 100 million years ago? How has the climate and weather patterns changed for Limon?

Well, to begin with, Limon didn't exist 100 million years ago, at least not in its present form. Costa Rica was formed around 50 million years ago as the Cocos plate moved east, slamming into Mexico and attaching small islands of land as it began sub-ducting the Caribbean plate. But Costa Rica did exist, probably as a group of small islands that would have been farther north, about 15-20 degrees north latitude according to the map below. And it would have been much farther east, maybe right at about 60 degrees longitude.

 

Found here: http://www.cpgeosystems.com/120moll.jpg

This means that the overall climate of Limon could have been much different. It would still be warm year round, though some colder temperatures may be seen because of the rise in latitude, however, global temperatures were much warmer 100 million years ago so probably temperatures were the same, if not even hotter than today.

One thing that would not have been different is the amount of rainfall. Today, Limon sees its rainy season from December through January because the increase in polar air masses pushes warm, moist air across the Gulf of Mexico bringing extra moisture. 100 mya the maritime tropical air mass that brings this moisture would have existed, so it's quite possible that Limon would have had the same rainy season.

But one thing that would have changed would be the movement of the ITCZ. While the ITCZ would have still moved across the equator as it does today, it would have done so differently due to the land masses being in different places.

Found here (ITCZ added by me!): http://www.cpgeosystems.com/120moll.jpg

I believe the ITCZ would have traveled much higher into North America than it does today. The reason the ITCZ pulls so far north today is because the Asian land mass is so huge that it creates a different pressure gradient that pulls the low pressure system north as polar air masses shrink in summer 100 mya. However, this would have still put the ITCZ right over Limon in July. So the weather patterns for Limon 100mya would have been pretty similar. It's even possible that hurricane tyoe storms formed in the tiny Atlantic ocean that existed then, but they would still be swept north by the high pressure systems and would most likely have not effected 100 mya Limon. However, it is possible that hurricane type storms formed off the coast of South America as they are today, and with Limon being farther west than the coast of SA, it may have been effected by these storms much more than it is today.

Climograph made by Cyrus Green

This climograph is pretty similar to the one you would find for Limon today, but you will notice the temperatures are a little higher to reflect the higher temperatures during the Cretaceous. the temperature range is still only a 7 degree change from lows to highs, so no drastic changes through the year.

But what will happen to Limon in the future? Let's look 100 my from now and see!

The continents are going to keep moving in the directions they are moving now. Luckily for Costa Rica, it is on the Cocos plate which will continue to move north and somewhat east while sub-ducting the Caribbean plate. Of course any land that it runs into will be conglomerated into Costa Rica, and this will happen when it comes in contact with Cuba and then Florida, creating a much larger land mass than exists today,

Taken from here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pGACbD4zbWs

This will put Limon much farther north at about 30 degrees latitude, though it will still be at about the 90 degree longitude.This is going to drastically change weather patterns for future Limon. First it will be colder simply because of the latitude change. 30 degrees latitude will put it at about the same latitude that North Florida is today (Tallahassee, Fl is at 27.9 / 82.5). North Florida sees a much wider range of temperatures than Limon today, so it makes sense future Limon will have the same wide swings through the seasons.

This change in latitude is also going to drastically change the amount of moisture Limon receives. It will no longer see a wet season in the northern hemisphere winter because the maritime tropical air will be below future Limon. If it even still exists. The closing up of the Gulf of Mexico will mean the maritime tropical air will no longer exist where the Gulf is today but it will exist on the eastern and western coasts of South America. But future Limon will see higher rain fall amounts in summer time when this maritime tropical air moves northward as the polar air shrinks. This means future Limon will most likely see more severe weather. As the continental polar air mass recedes in the springtime, the maritime tropical air usually mixes with it, bringing the chance for super cells and tornadoes that can effect the southern states today.

Something else future Limon will have to worry about is hurricanes. I'm going to guess the mechinism that causes hurricanes to form off the western coast of Africa and South America today will still exists 100 my from now. And future Limon will have to deal with both fronts. Hurricanes could potentially hit from the east, but will most likely hit South America first, so the effects will be limited. On the western side of South America though there is a "new" Gulf of Mexico formed between Mexico and South America. This could become a breeding ground for future hurricanes meaning future Limon will be right in their path.

Future Limon will finally be rid of the ITCZ! My estimations put it south of future Limon in July.

Photo found here (ITCZ added by me): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pGACbD4zbWs

So the spike in rain and the lowering of temperatures Limon now sees in July will no longer exist. All in all, future Limon will see a greater range of temps and a much lower moisture level during the winter and a higher moisture level in the summer.

Climograph by Cyrus Green

 There are big changes ahead for Limon. The change in weather patterns means a change in climate. Future Limon will no longer be able to support the vast amounts of plant and animal life its rain forests support today. It's colder temperatures means less species diversity. There will still be plenty of life. Pine trees, oak trees, and dogwoods are just a few that exist at this latitude today. Animals such as deer, mountain lions, racoons and even black bears live in North Florida today, so future Limon could see this type of wildlife as well. If any of it even exists 100 my from now.  There has been a vast change in flora and fauna since 100 mya and no doubt another vast change will be seen 100my from now. 

Reflection Post #2: Climates

I've chosen to compare two very different climates. As mentioned in the previous blog, Limon is considered either an equatorial full humid (Af) or an equatorial monsoon (Am) under the Koppen-Geiger scale. If you were to travel north from Costa Rica you would go through a series of climates until you reach the Yukon Territory. There you will finally find climate Dfc (Snow, fully humid, cool summer), and this is the climate you would find the town of Mayo.

Brrrrrr! Looks cold! Found here: http://www.packyabags.com/canada/rubyrange/14daywinter.htm

Found here: http://www.flickr.com/photos/michael_edwards/3328053071/

Though the Mayo area is considered humid, it only gets an average of .9 inches of moisture per month with the wetter months during the summer. This is no where near Limon's average of 10-12 inches per month.

Climograph for Mayo, YT. Found here:  http://www.climatetemp.info/canada/mayo-yukon-territory.html

Climograph for Limon, CR. Found here: Found here: http://www.world-climates.com/city-climate-limon-costa-rica-north-america/ 

The lack of moisture and the cold temps are inconducive for the types of vegetation seen in Limon, but there are a handful of species that have evolved to survive the low temps and light moisture. These mostly include firs, pines, spruces, dogwoods, herbs and tundra grasses.

Taigia boreal forest, Yukon Territory. Found here: http://www.skolaiimages.com/stock/displayimage-1009-Taiga-Forest-boreal-forest-Yukon-Territori.html

Whereas the Costa Rican rain forests found near Limon can have over 100 species verities in a two acre area.

Costa Rican rain forest. Found here: http://www.anywherecostarica.com/destinations/habitat/rain-forest

These differences in climates have a lot to do with their location. Limon and Mayo are affected by very different air masses. The maritime tropical air mass brings warm air and moisture to Limon while the continental polar air mass works to keep Mayo cold year round. 

Picture found here (locations added by me!):http://www.nssgeography.com/physical%20web/Unit%20Climate%20and%20Weather/Air%20Masses2.htm

The maritime polar air mass brings moisture but the air mass misses Mayo in winter, bringing the moisture south. Couple this with the fact that the colder temps do not allow air to rise and cause rainfall, and you can account for the low average snow total during the winter. But as the polar air masses shrink during the summer months, the maritime polar air mass moves north and temperatures go up because of the angle of the sun allowing air to rise, bringing higher moisture levels in the summer months. At this time, the ITCZ is crossing Costa Rica, bringing excess rains in July, but Mayo is unaffected by the ITCZ. 

 

Blog Post #3: Climate

Since Limon, Costa Rica sits just under 10 degrees north latitude, it is not hard to believe that its main climate on the Koppen-Geiger scale would be considered equatorial. Like most areas along the equator, Limon is considered monsoonal or fully humid because of its precipitation amounts.

Koppen-Geiger Map. The red splotches along the equator are the Equatorial monsoonal or Equatorial fully humid zones. We can see these zones are common along the equator throughout the world, usually surrounded by a steppe. These wet zones have a wider area of fluctuation in Asia and S. America than Africa due to less continentality. 

Costa Rica's humid climate makes it perfect for growing rain forests.

Found here: http://www.anywherecostarica.com/destinations/habitat/rain-forest

The Costa Rican forests are home to hundreds of different types of plants, trees and flowers, not to mention insects, lizards and mammals. Oh, and cute little frogs!

Found here: http://us.123rf.com/400wm/400/400/hotshotsworldwide/hotshotsworldwide0909/hotshotsworldwide090900006/5547144-endangered-costa-rican-reticulated-glass-frog-sitting-on-green-banana-leaf-6.jpg

 These forests stay about 90% humid and most people find it rather stagnant. However, they are also perfect for growing many exports such as coffee, which was introduced to the soil there by European traders in the late 18th century. Bananas are Costa Rica's other main crop. These were introduced to Costa Rica in the late 1800s and helped drive its railroad expansion as plantations spread across the country. 

Found here: http://www.buildingmoxie.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/Costa-Rican-truck-loaded-with-green-bananas-by-Saxon-Henry.jpg

The weather station I am monitoring is actually on the east coast of Coasta Rica near a beach, similar to the one below. Here, the weather is much less humid, however Limon sees plenty of rain along these beaches, pretty much daily as the oceans heat up and evaporate and the rising air drops moisture along the beach. 

Looks like a nice place to visit! Found here: http://www.costaricafishingtour.net/atlantic-zones-beaches.html

The climate in Limon stays fairly steady from year to year. Going back and checking different months from 1997 to present, the temperature and rainfall amounts stayed steady. Sometimes the same amounts of rainfall were recorded on the same day from year to year!

There were a few exceptions to this when hurricanes or tropical depressions formed in the Gulf of Mexico, such as Hurricane Tomas in October of 2010 that dumped excessive rainfall. For the most part, however, Costa Rica stays out of the way of hurricanes.

Map showing how infrequently Costa Rica feels the major effects of hurricanes. The last major hurricane to hit the area was Hurricanes Caesar (1996) and Mitch (1998). Caesar actually crossed over Central America and caused massive amounts of damage.  Found here: http://www.costa-rican-real-estate.com/2010/10/costa-rica-a-hurricane-free-zone/

Reflection Post #1

I've chosen to compare my site with Megan Morvey's site in Springfield, MO.

First a look at overall temps and rainfall amounts.

Found here: http://www.world-climates.com/city-climate-limon-costa-rica-north-america/  

Found here: http://www.world-climates.com/city-climate-springfield-missouri-usa-north-america/

There is a dramatic temperature changes in Springfield as compared to Limon, which will never see a 30 degree temp, but in Springfield it's common in winter months. Limon pays for it's milder weather with higher rainfall amounts, seeing 2 to 3 times more rainfall than Springfield on average. Also notice that when Springfield is getting it's heaviest rainfall, Limon is receiving some it's lightest, and vice versa.

This difference in temperature and rainfall have a few causes. 

The first is latitude, which is a difference of almost 30 degrees (Limon = 9° N / Springfield = 37°N).

The second cause is the Continental Polar air mass that swings south in the winter months. 

Map of North America showing the Cold Continental Polar Air Mass (cP) moving southward to meet with the Maritime Tropical Air Mass (mT) moving north from the Gulf Of Mexico. The cP brings cold arctic air with it, which causes dramatic shifts in temperatures for Springfield, MO, and the mT brings warm, moisture laden air that feeds thunderstorms and snowfall. The collision of these two air masses is responsible for the severe weather in Springfield. When warm air moves into a region of colder air, the warm air is forced to rise. As warm air reaches the dew point clouds form and moisture falls. If the air below is cold enough, it creates the snow and ice storms that are so common in the Springfield winter. When these air masses collide in spring the rising warmer air forms clouds that are put into a cyclonic motion by upper level winds, creating super cells that form tornadoes.

Limon is not directly affected by these air masses because it is so far south. Limon sees neither this kind of severe weather nor drastic temperature changes.
Found here: http://frank.mtsu.edu/~cdharris/GEOL100/weather/wthr-sum11.htm

During the year Springfield has a variety of severe weather. This is mostly caused from the meeting of the cP and the mT.

January ice storm in Springfield, MO. Found here: http://activerain.com/blogsview/35687/springfield-missouri-ice-storm-2007-part-2

Tornado near Aurora, MO, May 2003. Found here: http://www.crh.noaa.gov/sgf/?n=photos_tornadoes

Snow storm of October 2011 Springfield, MO. Found here: http://activerain.com/blogsview/2112757/2011-blizzard-in-springfield-missouri-we-finally-have-snow-

Meanwhile, in Limon, Costa Rica....

Beach near Limon, Costa Rica. Found here: http://www.arenal.net/costa-rica/costa-rica-destinations.htm

Limon sees nowhere near the sever weather Springfield does, but it does see greater amounts of rain.The rainy season runs November-January which is when the cP is moving southward. This movement cause the mT to move south as well, pushing excess moisture across the gulf toward Limon. It can sometimes rain for days on end, and Limon can see 15" of rain in December easily. 

Something Limon must deal with that Springfield does not is the movement of the ITCZ. 

The ITCZ moves north in summer months as the polar air mass in the North Pole shrinks. The ITCZ is an area of low pressure formed by the meeting of the trade winds. A low pressure system pulls air into the atmosphere where there air condenses. The rainy month of July in Limon is directly caused by the movement of the ITCZ. Springfield doesn't see this type of rain. In fact, when Limon is getting its heavy July rain, Springfield is seeing a lull in the heaviest rainfall. Found here: Found at http://www.newmediastudio.org/DataDiscovery/Hurr_ED_Center/Stages_of_Hurricane_Dev/ITCZ/ITCZ.html

The ITCZ doesn't get anywhere near the Continental U.S., let alone Springfield. When Limon is being saturated by ITCZ induced rainfall, Springfield is experiencing warm days with minimum rainfall.

It almost seems like Springfield can have more drastic changes in temperature and weather patterns in one month than Limon sees in a year!

Blog Post #2: Air Currents and Jet Streams

As mentioned in Post #1, Limon receives rain year round. Even in the 'dry' months the area receives over 5" of rain on average.

Rainfall amounts with temperature. Found here: http://www.world-climates.com/city-climate-limon-costa-rica-north-america/ 

Rainfall amounts in Limon have mostly to due with convection.

Diagram showing how convection causes clouds and rainstorms.                                                                                          Found here: http://www.weatherquestions.com/How_do_clouds_form.htm

Costa Rica is surrounded by water on two sides. Since the air over land warms faster than the air over water, the air over Limon rises. The dew point in Limon is relatively high, usually staying within 10 degrees of the temperature, so the rising parcel quickly forms clouds and rain showers. 

Limon sits at 9 degrees north latitude, so it is only indirectly effected by the changes brought during winter in the northern hemisphere. 

Digital image showing the major air masses. This was taken in Spring or Fall. When it is winter in the northern hemisphere, the polar air mass moves farther south, pushing the warmer air masses south as well.                                                        Found here: http://www.weatherquestions.com/What_is_an_air_mass.htm

Winter in the northern hemisphere brings the rainy season. November through January see a rise in average rainfall. This is because the continental polar air mass shifts southward causing the maritime tropical air mass to also shift south. As it does, warm moist air moves across the gulf bringing heavier rains during these months.

The rest of the year is drier except for the huge spike in July. This spike has a lot to do with the movement of the International Convergence Zone (ITCZ)

ITCZ Movement Year Round. The ITCZ is a low pressure zone that promotes heavy rainfall across different areas as it moves north and south of the equator.                                                                                                                                   
(Found at http://www.newmediastudio.org/DataDiscovery/Hurr_ED_Center/Stages_of_Hurricane_Dev/ITCZ/ITCZ.html

As the ITCZ moves north it moves directly over Costa Rica in July, bringing heavy rainfall with it, thus there is a spike in the normal drier months, especially July.

Blog # 1: Average Temperature and Climate

A beach at Limon, Costa Rica, found here

This blog will follow the weather patterns of Puerto Limon, Costa Rica using the weather station at the airport in Limon. The airport sits along the coast about 2 miles south of the city so it should give a reasonably accurate account of weather in Limon.

(Found here)

 Limon is the major port city on the Caribbean side and has a rich history of export agriculture. Since Columbus landed in Limon in 1502, the area has exported cocoa, coffee, bananas and other tropical exports that have driven the local economy for over three hundred years. This agriculture exporting would not be possible without the perfect growing climate. Situated at just below 10° Latitude, Limon sees a year round warm and humid climate, considered a tropical climate similar to other well know Caribbean locations like Jamaica or Puerto Rico. The area very rarely rarely sees temperatures outside of  20° to 30° C (68° - 85° F), as you can see: 

(Courtesy of Weather-and-climate.com, found here)

There is rainfall year round. Hurricanes and tropical depressions are not common, but it can rain for several days straight during storms called temporales del Atlantico. These storms form from September though February as cold polar air pushes warm moisture laden air eastward across the gulf. As the graph below shows, there really is no dry season, as all months see moisture, but the rainy season runs from April / May through November / December with a lull in September. 

Courtesy of World-climates.com, found here.